Isaiah Swann
Ms. Thompson
AP Lang / Block 1, Skinny B
1 March 2015
Draft #1
The Ethnocentrism of and Religious Discrimination against Islam and Christianity
“Difference of religion breeds more quarrels than difference of politics,” said orator, lawyer, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips. The religious disparities that exist between religions contribute to religious discrimination. While the origin of religious discrimination remains unknown, the practice appears to have been in existence since the spawn of more contemporary, theistic religions. Unfortunately, as the world has become more industrialized and the world population has increased in a pseudo-logarithmic pattern we, the people, have also seen an increase in the amount of religious discrimination and religious violence present among the citizens of the world. Due to the injustices and prejudice that every single American Muslim has faced subsequent to the 9/11 attacks, Islam is the most persecuted religion in America.
Christianity has many sects, which vary in beliefs; however, Christians believe in one Divine Being, which they refer to as “God.” The Christian religion has been wrought with violence and intolerance. (Include past instances of violence.) However, recently there has been a movement, which began with the hashtag “#OverIt2014”—created by Fox News, to bring to light the supposed discrimination that many United States Christians face. I find this extremely interesting because Christians in the United States hardly ever face any criticism or discrimination over anything, and by dismissing the assertions made by “ignorant” people those people at Fox News as well as the other American Christians are shutting down dialogue that is essential to forward progress in this religious struggle. Furthermore, those same Christians believe that secular policies are detrimental to Theism: “[s]ometimes the very policies designed end up working against campus groups” (Weingarten). The majority of Muslims in our nation, and across the world, have their voices silenced simply because they do not have the right, nor means, to express how exactly they are being oppressed.
Subsequent to Christianity is the significantly more controversial religion, Islam. Islam is a monotheistic religion based off of the “laws of its holy book, the Qur’an, and the Sunnah….Muslims believe that the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam.” Though I will submit that is impossible to quantify the exact amount of religious discrimination that people of the Islamic people face, it is possible to quantify the number of instances of discrimination against Muslims within the United States. Ever since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, “[m]any threats against Muslims developed…, and the number of incidents of harassment and abuse of Muslims increased quickly after the attacks.” This undeniable increase in prejudice and discrimination that Muslims have faced in the years subsequent to the 9/11 attacks provides incontrovertible evidence in favor of the Muslim case that Muslims has faced much more discrimination in America than Christians have. Gandhi provided an interesting and thought-provoking perspective on the issue of Muslims in America: “Neither the West not the Muslim world is by any means a homogeneous entity. Yet the division between what is seen as the West and what is seen as the Muslim world is perhaps the most critical divide the modern world has faced.” This is an insightful quote which I believe can still be applied to the inquisitive and, many times, unjust situation that American Muslims face in the West.
Consequently, due to the aforementioned reasons, I submit my opinion that Muslims have experienced—and continue to experience—a considerably larger amount of religious discrimination in America than Christians have—and do. Logically, it does not make any sense that Christians would even be able to create a cogent and coherent argument as to how they face the most discrimination. Though many popular American Christians seek out many large platforms in order to claim that many American Christians face religious discrimination, it is difficult to grasp the idea that this same religion, which holds a 78.4 percent majority in the United States per a 2007 survey, could face more discrimination than the smaller religious groups that exist within its shadow. Moreover, there is never any discourse in which the ideas of Christianophobia are spread across multiple platforms in order to instill fear and hatred within the easily malleable minds of the general population. In a Cornell University study, it was found that over 40% of Americans believed that there should be some curtailment of civil liberties for Muslims in the United States.
In conclusion, Muslims have faced a greater amount of discrimination than Christians. The religion has unfortunately been knotted to the radical terrorists who claim to be representatives of Islam, and that unfortunate consequence has contributed to the prejudice that the people of Islam face on a daily basis. It is essential to the continuance of respectful relations between Theists and non-Theists, as well as between Theism in its entirety and sects of Theism, that Islam be vindicated of the terrorist reputation that grips it so tightly, and therefore it seems as if the only way to mollify the issue of religious discrimination in its entirety is to alleviate the main symptoms of it, which seek asylum and solace deep within the human mind.
Works Cited
Calvert, John H., J.D. "A New Age of Religious Discrimination." WND. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Christianity." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Davis, Kenneth C. "America's True History of Religious Tolerance." Smithsonian. N.p., Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Gandhi, Rajmohan. "A Pact Between Man and His God." Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Feb. 2004: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Introduction to Muslims in America: Contemporary Issues Companion." Muslims in America. Ed. Allen Verbrugge. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2005. N. pag. Contemporary Issues Companion. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Islam." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Krattenmaker, Tom. "A 'War' on Christians? No." USA Today 27 Mar. 2006: 13A. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Race and Prejudice in American Literature." Literary Themes for Students: Race and Prejudice. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 3-20. Literary Themes for Students. Student Resources in Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Weingarten, Toni. "Campus Christians: Not Always at Ease." Christian Science Monitor 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Ms. Thompson
AP Lang / Block 1, Skinny B
1 March 2015
Draft #1
The Ethnocentrism of and Religious Discrimination against Islam and Christianity
“Difference of religion breeds more quarrels than difference of politics,” said orator, lawyer, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips. The religious disparities that exist between religions contribute to religious discrimination. While the origin of religious discrimination remains unknown, the practice appears to have been in existence since the spawn of more contemporary, theistic religions. Unfortunately, as the world has become more industrialized and the world population has increased in a pseudo-logarithmic pattern we, the people, have also seen an increase in the amount of religious discrimination and religious violence present among the citizens of the world. Due to the injustices and prejudice that every single American Muslim has faced subsequent to the 9/11 attacks, Islam is the most persecuted religion in America.
Christianity has many sects, which vary in beliefs; however, Christians believe in one Divine Being, which they refer to as “God.” The Christian religion has been wrought with violence and intolerance. (Include past instances of violence.) However, recently there has been a movement, which began with the hashtag “#OverIt2014”—created by Fox News, to bring to light the supposed discrimination that many United States Christians face. I find this extremely interesting because Christians in the United States hardly ever face any criticism or discrimination over anything, and by dismissing the assertions made by “ignorant” people those people at Fox News as well as the other American Christians are shutting down dialogue that is essential to forward progress in this religious struggle. Furthermore, those same Christians believe that secular policies are detrimental to Theism: “[s]ometimes the very policies designed end up working against campus groups” (Weingarten). The majority of Muslims in our nation, and across the world, have their voices silenced simply because they do not have the right, nor means, to express how exactly they are being oppressed.
Subsequent to Christianity is the significantly more controversial religion, Islam. Islam is a monotheistic religion based off of the “laws of its holy book, the Qur’an, and the Sunnah….Muslims believe that the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam.” Though I will submit that is impossible to quantify the exact amount of religious discrimination that people of the Islamic people face, it is possible to quantify the number of instances of discrimination against Muslims within the United States. Ever since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, “[m]any threats against Muslims developed…, and the number of incidents of harassment and abuse of Muslims increased quickly after the attacks.” This undeniable increase in prejudice and discrimination that Muslims have faced in the years subsequent to the 9/11 attacks provides incontrovertible evidence in favor of the Muslim case that Muslims has faced much more discrimination in America than Christians have. Gandhi provided an interesting and thought-provoking perspective on the issue of Muslims in America: “Neither the West not the Muslim world is by any means a homogeneous entity. Yet the division between what is seen as the West and what is seen as the Muslim world is perhaps the most critical divide the modern world has faced.” This is an insightful quote which I believe can still be applied to the inquisitive and, many times, unjust situation that American Muslims face in the West.
Consequently, due to the aforementioned reasons, I submit my opinion that Muslims have experienced—and continue to experience—a considerably larger amount of religious discrimination in America than Christians have—and do. Logically, it does not make any sense that Christians would even be able to create a cogent and coherent argument as to how they face the most discrimination. Though many popular American Christians seek out many large platforms in order to claim that many American Christians face religious discrimination, it is difficult to grasp the idea that this same religion, which holds a 78.4 percent majority in the United States per a 2007 survey, could face more discrimination than the smaller religious groups that exist within its shadow. Moreover, there is never any discourse in which the ideas of Christianophobia are spread across multiple platforms in order to instill fear and hatred within the easily malleable minds of the general population. In a Cornell University study, it was found that over 40% of Americans believed that there should be some curtailment of civil liberties for Muslims in the United States.
In conclusion, Muslims have faced a greater amount of discrimination than Christians. The religion has unfortunately been knotted to the radical terrorists who claim to be representatives of Islam, and that unfortunate consequence has contributed to the prejudice that the people of Islam face on a daily basis. It is essential to the continuance of respectful relations between Theists and non-Theists, as well as between Theism in its entirety and sects of Theism, that Islam be vindicated of the terrorist reputation that grips it so tightly, and therefore it seems as if the only way to mollify the issue of religious discrimination in its entirety is to alleviate the main symptoms of it, which seek asylum and solace deep within the human mind.
Works Cited
Calvert, John H., J.D. "A New Age of Religious Discrimination." WND. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Christianity." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Davis, Kenneth C. "America's True History of Religious Tolerance." Smithsonian. N.p., Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Gandhi, Rajmohan. "A Pact Between Man and His God." Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Feb. 2004: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Introduction to Muslims in America: Contemporary Issues Companion." Muslims in America. Ed. Allen Verbrugge. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2005. N. pag. Contemporary Issues Companion. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Islam." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Krattenmaker, Tom. "A 'War' on Christians? No." USA Today 27 Mar. 2006: 13A. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Race and Prejudice in American Literature." Literary Themes for Students: Race and Prejudice. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 3-20. Literary Themes for Students. Student Resources in Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Weingarten, Toni. "Campus Christians: Not Always at Ease." Christian Science Monitor 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Isaiah Swann
Ms. Thompson
AP Lang / Block 1, Skinny B
6 March 2015
Draft #2
The Ethnocentrism of and Religious Discrimination against Islam and Christianity
“Difference of religion breeds more quarrels than difference of politics,” said orator, lawyer, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips. The religious disparities that exist between religions contribute to religious discrimination. While the origin of religious discrimination remains unknown, the practice appears to have been in existence since the spawn of more contemporary, theistic religions. Unfortunately, as the world has become more industrialized and the world population has increased in a pseudo-logarithmic pattern we, the people, have also seen an increase in the amount of religious discrimination and religious violence present among the citizens of the world. There seems not to be one cause but many. Recently, however, there has been much discussion over whether Islam or Christianity is the most persecuted religion in America. Due to the injustices and prejudice that every single American Muslim has faced subsequent to the 9/11 attacks, Islam is the most persecuted religion in America.
Christianity has many sects, which vary in beliefs; however, Christians believe in one Divine Being, which they refer to as “God.” The Christian religion has been wrought with violence and intolerance. (Include past instances of violence.) However, recently there has been a movement, which began with the hashtag “#OverIt2014”—created by Fox News, to bring to light the supposed discrimination that many United States Christians face. I find this extremely interesting because Christians in the United States hardly ever face any criticism or discrimination over anything, and by dismissing the assertions made by “ignorant” people those people at Fox News as well as the other American Christians are shutting down dialogue that is essential to forward progress in this religious struggle. Furthermore, those same Christians believe that secular policies are detrimental to Theism: “[s]ometimes the very policies designed end up working against campus groups” (Weingarten). In stark contrast to this idea is the comment by Krattenmaker, who says that “America, however, is not a battleground between believers and political adversaries and at a time when many real religious wars are taking place in several countries, Christian conservatives experience too much political and religious freedom to seriously consider themselves victims of persecution” (Krattenmaker). This is a viable point as Krattenmaker brings up the “modern world privilege,” or “first world problem,” situation in which the generally privileged Christian people of the Western world are hypocritical in that they are using their right to freedom of religion in order to say that their own religion is being suppressed.
Subsequent to Christianity is the significantly more controversial religion, Islam. Islam is a monotheistic religion based off of the “laws of its holy book, the Qur’an, and the Sunnah….Muslims believe that the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam.” Though I will submit that is impossible to quantify the exact amount of religious discrimination that people of the Islamic people face, it is possible to quantify the number of instances of discrimination against Muslims within the United States. Ever since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, “[m]any threats against Muslims developed…, and the number of incidents of harassment and abuse of Muslims increased quickly after the attacks.” This undeniable increase in prejudice and discrimination that Muslims have faced in the years subsequent to the 9/11 attacks provides incontrovertible evidence in favor of the Muslim case that Muslims has faced much more discrimination in America than Christians have. Gandhi provided an interesting and thought-provoking perspective on the issue of Muslims in America: “Neither the West not the Muslim world is by any means a homogeneous entity. Yet the division between what is seen as the West and what is seen as the Muslim world is perhaps the most critical divide the modern world has faced.” This is an insightful quote which I believe can still be applied to the inquisitive and, many times, unjust situation that American Muslims face in the West. America is supposedly the land of the free, a place where people have freedom of speech and the right to practice whatever religion they so choose, and yet even now it seems as though there is a tiny asterisk next to the signs saying “Freedom to Practice Religion,” saying that only Christians will only truly ever be able to practice their religion peacefully and without facing any repercussions/discrimination, and without serious religious and sociopolitical reform, conditions will stay this way.
Consequently, due to the aforementioned reasons, I submit my opinion that Muslims have experienced—and continue to experience—a considerably larger amount of religious discrimination in America than Christians have—and do. Logically, it does not make any sense that Christians would even be able to create a cogent and coherent argument as to how they face the most discrimination. Though many popular American Christians seek out many large platforms in order to claim that many American Christians face religious discrimination, it is difficult to grasp the idea that this same religion, which holds a 78.4 percent majority in the United States per a 2007 survey, could face more discrimination than the smaller religious groups that exist within its shadow. Moreover, there is never any discourse in which the ideas of Christianophobia are spread across multiple platforms in order to instill fear and hatred within the easily malleable minds of the general population. In a Cornell University study, it was found that over 40% of Americans believed that there should be some curtailment of civil liberties for Muslims in the United States. Coincidentally, it seems as if there are no studies on the American general population and its feelings towards Christianity. I would assume that the reason lies in the assumed and easily understood American response to Christianity over the decades and centuries, in which there has been a massive amount of support for the religion and the spreading of it.
In conclusion, Muslims have faced a greater amount of discrimination than Christians. The religion has unfortunately been knotted to the radical terrorists who claim to be representatives of Islam, and that unfortunate consequence has contributed to the prejudice that the people of Islam face on a daily basis. It is essential to the continuance of respectful relations between Theists and non-Theists, as well as between Theism in its entirety and sects of Theism, that Islam be vindicated of the terrorist reputation that grips it so tightly, and therefore it seems as if the only way to mollify the issue of religious discrimination in its entirety is to alleviate the main symptoms of it, which seek asylum and solace deep within the human mind.
Works Cited
Calvert, John H., J.D. "A New Age of Religious Discrimination." WND. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Christianity." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Davis, Kenneth C. "America's True History of Religious Tolerance." Smithsonian. N.p., Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Gandhi, Rajmohan. "A Pact Between Man and His God." Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Feb. 2004: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Introduction to Muslims in America: Contemporary Issues Companion." Muslims in America. Ed. Allen Verbrugge. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2005. N. pag. Contemporary Issues Companion. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Islam." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Krattenmaker, Tom. "A 'War' on Christians? No." USA Today 27 Mar. 2006: 13A. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Millhiser, Ian. "When ‘Religious Liberty’ Was Used To Justify Racism Instead Of Homophobia." ThinkProgress RSS. Center for American Progress Action Fund, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Race and Prejudice in American Literature." Literary Themes for Students: Race and Prejudice. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 3-20. Literary Themes for Students. Student Resources in Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Religious Landscape Survey." Statistics on Religion in America Report. Pew Research, 2007. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.
Weingarten, Toni. "Campus Christians: Not Always at Ease." Christian Science Monitor 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Ms. Thompson
AP Lang / Block 1, Skinny B
6 March 2015
Draft #2
The Ethnocentrism of and Religious Discrimination against Islam and Christianity
“Difference of religion breeds more quarrels than difference of politics,” said orator, lawyer, and abolitionist Wendell Phillips. The religious disparities that exist between religions contribute to religious discrimination. While the origin of religious discrimination remains unknown, the practice appears to have been in existence since the spawn of more contemporary, theistic religions. Unfortunately, as the world has become more industrialized and the world population has increased in a pseudo-logarithmic pattern we, the people, have also seen an increase in the amount of religious discrimination and religious violence present among the citizens of the world. There seems not to be one cause but many. Recently, however, there has been much discussion over whether Islam or Christianity is the most persecuted religion in America. Due to the injustices and prejudice that every single American Muslim has faced subsequent to the 9/11 attacks, Islam is the most persecuted religion in America.
Christianity has many sects, which vary in beliefs; however, Christians believe in one Divine Being, which they refer to as “God.” The Christian religion has been wrought with violence and intolerance. (Include past instances of violence.) However, recently there has been a movement, which began with the hashtag “#OverIt2014”—created by Fox News, to bring to light the supposed discrimination that many United States Christians face. I find this extremely interesting because Christians in the United States hardly ever face any criticism or discrimination over anything, and by dismissing the assertions made by “ignorant” people those people at Fox News as well as the other American Christians are shutting down dialogue that is essential to forward progress in this religious struggle. Furthermore, those same Christians believe that secular policies are detrimental to Theism: “[s]ometimes the very policies designed end up working against campus groups” (Weingarten). In stark contrast to this idea is the comment by Krattenmaker, who says that “America, however, is not a battleground between believers and political adversaries and at a time when many real religious wars are taking place in several countries, Christian conservatives experience too much political and religious freedom to seriously consider themselves victims of persecution” (Krattenmaker). This is a viable point as Krattenmaker brings up the “modern world privilege,” or “first world problem,” situation in which the generally privileged Christian people of the Western world are hypocritical in that they are using their right to freedom of religion in order to say that their own religion is being suppressed.
Subsequent to Christianity is the significantly more controversial religion, Islam. Islam is a monotheistic religion based off of the “laws of its holy book, the Qur’an, and the Sunnah….Muslims believe that the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam.” Though I will submit that is impossible to quantify the exact amount of religious discrimination that people of the Islamic people face, it is possible to quantify the number of instances of discrimination against Muslims within the United States. Ever since the terrorist attacks of 9/11, “[m]any threats against Muslims developed…, and the number of incidents of harassment and abuse of Muslims increased quickly after the attacks.” This undeniable increase in prejudice and discrimination that Muslims have faced in the years subsequent to the 9/11 attacks provides incontrovertible evidence in favor of the Muslim case that Muslims has faced much more discrimination in America than Christians have. Gandhi provided an interesting and thought-provoking perspective on the issue of Muslims in America: “Neither the West not the Muslim world is by any means a homogeneous entity. Yet the division between what is seen as the West and what is seen as the Muslim world is perhaps the most critical divide the modern world has faced.” This is an insightful quote which I believe can still be applied to the inquisitive and, many times, unjust situation that American Muslims face in the West. America is supposedly the land of the free, a place where people have freedom of speech and the right to practice whatever religion they so choose, and yet even now it seems as though there is a tiny asterisk next to the signs saying “Freedom to Practice Religion,” saying that only Christians will only truly ever be able to practice their religion peacefully and without facing any repercussions/discrimination, and without serious religious and sociopolitical reform, conditions will stay this way.
Consequently, due to the aforementioned reasons, I submit my opinion that Muslims have experienced—and continue to experience—a considerably larger amount of religious discrimination in America than Christians have—and do. Logically, it does not make any sense that Christians would even be able to create a cogent and coherent argument as to how they face the most discrimination. Though many popular American Christians seek out many large platforms in order to claim that many American Christians face religious discrimination, it is difficult to grasp the idea that this same religion, which holds a 78.4 percent majority in the United States per a 2007 survey, could face more discrimination than the smaller religious groups that exist within its shadow. Moreover, there is never any discourse in which the ideas of Christianophobia are spread across multiple platforms in order to instill fear and hatred within the easily malleable minds of the general population. In a Cornell University study, it was found that over 40% of Americans believed that there should be some curtailment of civil liberties for Muslims in the United States. Coincidentally, it seems as if there are no studies on the American general population and its feelings towards Christianity. I would assume that the reason lies in the assumed and easily understood American response to Christianity over the decades and centuries, in which there has been a massive amount of support for the religion and the spreading of it.
In conclusion, Muslims have faced a greater amount of discrimination than Christians. The religion has unfortunately been knotted to the radical terrorists who claim to be representatives of Islam, and that unfortunate consequence has contributed to the prejudice that the people of Islam face on a daily basis. It is essential to the continuance of respectful relations between Theists and non-Theists, as well as between Theism in its entirety and sects of Theism, that Islam be vindicated of the terrorist reputation that grips it so tightly, and therefore it seems as if the only way to mollify the issue of religious discrimination in its entirety is to alleviate the main symptoms of it, which seek asylum and solace deep within the human mind.
Works Cited
Calvert, John H., J.D. "A New Age of Religious Discrimination." WND. N.p., 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Christianity." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Davis, Kenneth C. "America's True History of Religious Tolerance." Smithsonian. N.p., Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Gandhi, Rajmohan. "A Pact Between Man and His God." Vital Speeches of the Day 1 Feb. 2004: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Introduction to Muslims in America: Contemporary Issues Companion." Muslims in America. Ed. Allen Verbrugge. San Diego: Greenhaven, 2005. N. pag. Contemporary Issues Companion. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Islam." BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2015.
Krattenmaker, Tom. "A 'War' on Christians? No." USA Today 27 Mar. 2006: 13A. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
Millhiser, Ian. "When ‘Religious Liberty’ Was Used To Justify Racism Instead Of Homophobia." ThinkProgress RSS. Center for American Progress Action Fund, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Race and Prejudice in American Literature." Literary Themes for Students: Race and Prejudice. Ed. Anne Marie Hacht. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 3-20. Literary Themes for Students. Student Resources in Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.
"Religious Landscape Survey." Statistics on Religion in America Report. Pew Research, 2007. Web. 11 Feb. 2015.
Weingarten, Toni. "Campus Christians: Not Always at Ease." Christian Science Monitor 25 Jan. 2005: n. pag. Rpt. in Do Religious Groups in America Experience Discrimination? Ed. Janel Ginn. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2007. At Issue. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2015.